Comparison of associations of intake of ultra-processed and non-ultra-processed whole-grain foods with cardiometabolic risk measures in Australian and US adults

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◆ 논문 초록 (Abstract)

PURPOSE: Evidence suggests total ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption increases disease risk. As whole grains are health protective, their inclusion in UPF definitions warrants consideration. We aimed to quantify Australian and US whole-grain consumption by level of food processing and compare associations on cardiometabolic risk measures. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of Australian (NNPAS 2011-12)(n = 7735) and US (NHANES 2015-18)(n = 8343) nationally representative 2d intake data. The Nova classification system determined levels of processing. Mean and median whole-grain intakes were estimated by processing level, and regression models were used to explore associations across tertiles for total, non-UPF (Nova 1-3) and UPF (Nova 4) whole-grain intakes with cardiometabolic risk measures. RESULTS: Adults median total whole-grain intake was 34.3 g/10 MJ/d (Australia) and 11.6 g/10 MJ/d (US). Mean whole-grain intake from UPF sources was higher in the US (71.0%) compared to Australia (48.9%). In Australia and the US, respectively, tertiles of non-UPF whole-grain intake were inversely associated with body weight (p = 0.02; p = 0.002), BMI (p = 0.001; p < 0.0001), waist circumference (p = 0.02; p = 0.001), waist-to-height ratio (WHR) (p = 0.003; p = 0.0001), and C-reactive protein (CRP) (p = 0.02; p = 0.0003), and for fasting plasma glucose (p = 0.002) in Australia only. UPF whole-grain intake was inversely associated with WHR (p = 0.04; p = 0.03) and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.01; p = 0.03), as well as waist circumference (p = 0.0496) in Australia, and BMI (p = 0.03) and CRP (p = 0.02) in the US. Non-UPF whole-grain sources had stronger inverse associations than UPF sources. CONCLUSIONS: All whole grain foods should be promoted in public health and consumer messaging with emphasis on less processed sources given their greater observed benefit to cardiometabolic risk measures. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00394-026-03942-8.

◆ 원문 정보
저자: Price EJ, Du M, Barrett EM, McKeown NM, Batterham MJ et al.
저널: Eur J Nutr
연도: 2026
DOI: 10.1007/s00394-026-03942-8

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